Monday, September 30, 2019

Luxor Cosmetics

Luxor Cosmetics Case Luxor Cosmetics is in a difficult situation in which changes need to be made. There a few items that need immediate attention. Per an evaluation of the account balance trends, their inventory only increases every year, for example: Lipstick’s inventory increase is about 20% per year; Nail Polish increase is about 20% per year, leveling out at $11 million in 2009 -2010.Their Creams inventory remains constant, since the cream’s market is a totally different concept, it does not follow a trend in innovation and changes so often as the other products. The surplus in inventory is a big disadvantage since; last year’s products may not be in style this year in addition to the cost of storage. For all these reasons their cash flow is less in comparison with previous years causing that Luxor Cosmetics keeps increasing their bank loans, creating more debt, making it harder to pay out as 2011.Some of the strategies I believe that may help improve Luxor Cosmetics shrinking market are: For example, improving their marketing strategies, by being more aggressive in their cream’s campaign, targeting the different potential customers and not limiting to the older ones only, but to include women from 20 years old. They also should take advantage of the fact that according to market research, during the last decade nail polish sales is significantly larger that lipstick.Considering this information Luxor Cosmetics can increase their sales by promoting new colors that change with the season, there is a large variety of shades, textures, colors and other trendy characteristics that can be promoted. Other important changes or strategies that should be considered by Luxor Cosmetics is to try to get rid of the old merchandise by creating an online discount web page, in which last year’s products can be sold at a lower price targeting different costumers with different needs and incomes.This way their inventory would decrease and their cash flow would increase. Also they should base their production in forecast analysis of demand, this way, they wouldn’t have so much inventory left from previous seasons. As a conclusion I can say that Luxor Cosmetics is on time to make the necessary changes to bring their business back to life. Innovation is the word that should be included in every new product and every advertizing campaign, they should develop new lines and new products, maybe even different packaging to impress their customers.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Integrated Marketing Communication Essay

Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) is a term used to describe the communication tools which help channel the messages intended by the marketers through various tools and with the usage of comprehensive plans and schemes that incorporate the objectives of a marketing campaigns. (Belch GE, Belch MA, 2008). IMC is a discipline which seeks to develop the marketing strategies which help promote a good or a service in the desired way which marketers want and works to ensure that the methods used to do so are in lined with the customs and traditions of the place where marketing and promotion of a certain product is being done. (Kitchen P & Pelsmacke PD 2004). IMC, tactically is a way of putting together the functions of marketing into one single form and using the marketing techniques and methods to achieve the desired level of response from the target customers. IMC involves combination of strategies which are used to communicate the messages of marketers with the use of various sources and methods. IMC strategies start from designing the product, analyzing the target market, conducting researches, budgeting and planning, overcoming the technological and cultural barriers and hence communicating the product to prospects. IMC operates in macro and micro environments which mean the outer and inner spheres of an organisation and the immediate context of communication in an organisation respectively. The example of macro environment in IMC is the use of consumer magazines. These magazines provide a way of fine communication amongst the people and the organisations. To consumers, magazines are a source of boredom alleviation and a hind sight to know about the product which the organisation wants to sell. They perform the function of awareness for the consumers and help the organisation understand the changing demands of the customers. (Kitchen P & Pelsmacke PD 2004) Magazines being easy to use, mobile and flexible to read are the vast effecting medium of communication used by the organisations. Some famous magazines like Readers Digest, New York Times display the example of widely read and used magazines. The Tools of Integrated Marketing Communication: There are seven basic tools employed by IMC to perform the function of communication. In order to understand them, understanding communication is more important. Communication can be defined as a process in which a sender and receiver involve in the activity of sending and receiving a ‘message’ through a certain ‘channel’. Feedback is the result of communication process which a receiver sends to a sender. (Schultz DE, Tannenbaum SI, Lauterborn RF, 1993). The marketing communication mix includes Advertisements, Sale Promotion, Personal Selling (PR), Sponsorship, Packaging and Direct Marketing (DM). These tools together perform the functions of IMC that is to communicate the desired message of marketers to the target audience who are the prospective and potential buyers of the product which is being sold. (Schultz D, Schultz H 2004) These are the six basic communication methods which are used in IMC to communicate to the target audience and help in selling the product to them. (Belch GE, Belch MA, 2008). Drivers of Integrated Marketing Communication: IMC is a discipline which is only a decade old. The old 4Ps of marketing mix, that are, product, price, place, promotion have all been combined into one P, i. . , Promotion. Its promotion of the product which needs the basic communication processes and for which organisations incur huge expenses with one single target. (Pickton D, Broderick A, 2005). They need their product to be known and they want it be sold. Previously, marketing the product was the function of marketing department of an organisation only. (Cornelissen, P. J. & Lock, R. A. 2000). Organisations used to contact agencies to have their product promoted amongst the masses and to let the customers be aware of their existence in the market. (Schultz, D.  E. 1996). PR that existed in those days too, but marketers and organisations over looked the fact that they can amalgamate both the functions and enhance further tools to achieve better results in the field of marketing communications. Globalization has made competition severe and tough. Organisations now bring offers for the customer which can not only satisfy their prospect customers but also delight them. In this endeavour, the organisations work hard to make sure that their product is communicated properly and the customers are aware of their presence. Schultz DE, Tannenbaum SI, Lauterborn RF, 1993). Introducing promotional schemes and introducing personal selling with the help of attractive packaging and designs, products speak volumes about themselves, and expertise in PR, Sponsors, Personal selling and glamorous yet classy adverts in print, electronic mediums have paved way for marketers to enhance their marketing campaigns and their marketing plans. All of this is possible only when the concept of completion is hatched. (Percy L, 2008) Barriers to Integrated Marketing Communication:  Even though IMC has opened avenues for organisations to conduct businesses world wide, there are few barriers which have to be encountered while using IMC methods. The most important issue is high costs. Advertisements and sponsorships land down heavy on organisations. Advertisements are expensive, and have to be made with careful vigilance to ensure that the adverts communicate the desired message properly. Sponsorship is costly for the organisations and it has to be done for few activities and has to be done very carefully. Hence budgeting is one of the prime barriers as it comes to allotting a considerable chunk of finances to marketing communications. (Pickton D, Broderick A, 2005). Organisational structure is one barrier too. Some organisations are rigid in their structures and they tend to stay the same. (Pickton D, Broderick A, 2005). IMC tackles with the integration of all the departments together to work in a cohesive and coordinated environment. If organisations do not want to change their structure, IMC will be futile to implement and they won’t enjoy the benefits of it. Schultz D, Schultz H 2004) Some internal and external factors also tend to hamper the activities of IMC. Culture can be one of them. It is very important for the organisation and the agency to know what promotional scheme they are using and whether it is in alignment with the culture existing in a country. Wrong wordings or inappropriate signs can disrupt the image of the organisation and people of the country can sue the company too. Such precautions have to be taken in account and can become a barrier to IMC. (Smith PR, Taylor J, 2004) Integrated Marketing Communications and the Academic Acceptance: IMC has emerged as a discipline in the last decade. The new subject has come to be of great importance for the marketers and organisational managers who want to take full benefit of Integrated Marketing Communications. (Schultz DE & Kitchen P 1998, p 7-19). The in coherent and uncoordinated departments of the organisations can now assimilate together to produce synergies and can work together to have their product sold in the market. (Percy L, 2008) IMC promotes focus of customer on the product. With the use of various methods and careful planning like the use of AIDA model, FCB Grid marketers can ensure that customers have their complete focus on the product they are trying to sell. After all, marketing is all about communication. (Percy L, 2008) (Cornelissen, P. J. & Lock, R. A. 2000, p 7-15). In academic arena, IMC has created a benchmark for the people as this new discipline has created avenues for further enhancements in marketing techniques. (Schultz DE, Tannenbaum SI, Lauterborn RF, 1993). Even though few marketers believe that IMC is no different from normal marketing activities and it is more or less same, but the question is: ‘Is IMC no different from Marketing? ’ (O’Brien EM & Hart SJ 1999, p 77-89) The questions needs to be addressed, and the answer to it is that Marketing is different from IMC. Marketing differs from IMC because: †¢ Marketing deals with only one aspect of promotion, just as a ‘P’ of the marketing mix. It does not co ordinate promotion as a part of communication process. Promotional techniques are limited to personal selling and sales promotions. (Schultz D, Schultz H 2004) IMC takes cultural differences while designing the marketing campaign in order to avoid. It also helps reduce the incoherency in organization by creating cross functional teams in organization so that the employees in the organization work hand in hand towards the product communication and creating synergy and increasing customer focus. (Percy L, 2008) Considering these factors, we can assumed and said that IMC must be accepted a separate discipline and it has its own importance which can be seen in today’s world where marketing process has been ignited with raging competition. (Schultz D, Schultz H 2004)

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Homeland Securtiy. Post-Mortem of the US Governments Response to the Essay

Homeland Securtiy. Post-Mortem of the US Governments Response to the Times Square Cesium Terrorist - Essay Example On the day of the attack, Times Square had its normal amount of visitors and wind conditions were calm. Immediately after the attack, NYPD and NYFD were quick to respond, but later crisis and radiation management efforts by the EPA were slow and hindered rescue efforts. Abstract This memo was created as the result of a post-hoc examination of the Times Square cesium terrorist attack. It aims to highlight the significance of long- and short-term fatalities, cost of property damage, and loss of public confidence in safety as outcomes of radiological attacks; and because of this significance, uses these outcomes to measure the relative success of the federal government’s response to this attack. Furthermore, this memo attempts to highlight areas that could have been improved before the attack to prevent this level of devastation, including better management of existing resources, better protection of existing radiological supplies, and a better understanding of the nuclear terrorist threat. Lastly, this memo aims to highlight the previously unexpected outcome of wind to show the effect confounding variables can have on the federal, state, and local governments’ responses to crises like this. ... Kelly stated that, â€Å"The Committee will undoubtedly agree that the danger presented by modest radiological sources that are comparatively easy to obtain is significant,† (Kelly 2002). In his article â€Å"Nuclear Terrorism Reconsidered†, Gavin Cameron offers an explanation of a terrorist’s motivation to use these weapons by saying, â€Å"The technical feasibility of radiological terrorism make it by far the most likely form of nuclear weapon. [†¦] Radiological weapons would, like nuclear-yield weapons, set a group apart and take its terrorism to a different level† (Cameron 1999). In this quote, Cameron shows why radiological terrorism remains such an appealing style of attack for many terrorists: this type of attack instills the same public fear as a nuclear attack yet is much more technologically in-reach for many terrorist groups. There are several factors that contribute to the effectiveness of a radiological terrorist device. Among these are à ¢â‚¬Å"the amount of material released, the nature of the material, the details of the device that distributes the material, the direction and speed of the wind, other weather conditions, the size of the particles released, [†¦] and the location and size of buildings near the release site† (Kelly 2002). All of these variables are important in the process of assessing the damage caused by an attack and potential evacuation and decontamination plans. Because of these uncertainties, estimations of the impact of such a weapon are extremely inaccurate and difficult to interpret. Outcomes Fatalities Fatalities are the most obvious measureable outcome of a radiological terrorist attack, yet may not be the most informative in this attack. In a radiological attack, fatalities must be divided into short-term and long-term fatalities.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Hazardous waste management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Hazardous waste management - Essay Example This is in consideration that the firm will accumulate as much waste products as possible to be transported at reasonable intervals (Woodard 2001). We should also consider the cost of establishing new sites, expanding the existing site will be cheaper than starting new. This is because the firm will enjoy the economies of scale. Secondly, since the products are termed as hazardous and it will be unwise for each site to have its dumping site since this will lead to its distribution all over. I would propose that all waste products to be put together and then disposed into main landfill thus reducing the risk of people to get into contact (Woodard 2001). Bearing in mind that each site will have to pay taxes for waste products and more so the cost and damage to environment the best thing is to consolidate all waste products from that site Management is another factor to consider. Since we are running the same firm, for it to run in harmony we need to have one manager who will be held accountable for all waste product. Having all the waste consolidated from one site is more manageable than different

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Refugees and Asylum seekers in the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Refugees and Asylum seekers in the U.S - Essay Example The U.S has people from almost every part of the globe with the general population characterized of different races. The US operates under a motto â€Å"e pluribus unum† (Martin, 3) insinuating that from many nations to one nation and as such it is a well framed structure. Therefore, since traditional periods, immigration has been acknowledged in the U.S through providing the immigrants with opportunities to better themselves as well as the United States as a nation. The dominant immigration patterns have been noted since early periods of 1820 with statistics revealing a great influx of about 66 million legal immigrants from all over the world. Germany and Mexico has been in the lead for having high populations of immigrants to the U.S ever since. However, the country has also harbored hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants, which has in the past triggered quite heated debates of the fate of such persons. The search for employment and education has equally been associated with the influx of the immigrants into the United States of America over years. People move from one country to another for different reasons: voluntary on basis of work and employment, political reasons, family re-unification, natural happenings like disasters, need for one to voluntary change natural surroundings, poverty or for general economic reasons. Involuntary reasons may stem up from running away from natural disasters such as earthquakes, political or civil wars, involuntary deportation as well as seeking asylum as refugees. Asylum seekers are persons who get to foreign countries looking for protection against mistreatment or persecution within their homeland and who may not necessarily be refugees. On the other hand, refugees are persons who would be persecuted within their own countries of nationality on basis of their religion, race, nationality, political stand or opinion or better still membership to a social group. The U.S has been credited over years to work by a principle that restricts her to deport foreign nationals to their countries of orig in where it is proved that their lives or freedom is at a threat (Wasem, 1). Immigration is a common feature within the U.S, though there are guidelines and frameworks that are responsible for regulating the issue. Moreover, apart from internal regulatory frameworks that govern migration of persons as refugees or even asylum seekers in the U.S, there are international frameworks

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Innovation (iPhone 3G S) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Innovation (iPhone 3G S) - Essay Example about change in our society and without change the society would cease to exist because there has to be continuous improvement and people should have the urge to become better day by day. There are different levels of innovation or different degrees of innovation; the most basic kind is Incremental Innovation which is innovation by adding minor features to products that already exist, the second level of innovation is. (Bessant, 2007) Radical Innovation which is basically where development of new services takes place or a different way of delivering a service is sought out, the last but the most extreme level of innovation is Discontinuous Innovation where the product or services that are developed have a completely new technology that drives them. Just like there are different degrees of innovation there are different forms of innovation as well, Product innovation relates to the improvement of existing products and services, process innovation relates to the new processes that have been developed for use within organizations, position innovation is when an existing product is introduced to a new group of customers and last but not the least there is paradigm innovation which has to do with development of new services for new groups of users ( Bessant 2007). There are different sources of innovation as well, one major source that is now being recognized is the End User Innovation where companies or individual develop new products or modify existing ones because the ones that are available in the markets are not able to fulfill their needs and hence the fill in the required gap by themselves. The second source of innovation is the Manufacturer Innovation which is where an innovative product or service is developed in order to sell and earn a profit on the sales of the product or the service. (Bijker, 1992) Innovation management is a tool that has to be used in each and every company because ideas seem to stem from everywhere customers, employees and even

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Divorce Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Divorce Problem - Essay Example It is known that government regulates almost all aspects of intimate relations instead of paying more attention to increasing costs of welfare. (Nocks et al. 1999) The authors think that covenant marriages are able to make relations stronger and "not just harder to get out of it". As far as marriage may be a prison to a woman, covenant marriage guarantees more freedom and leaves woman a way to escape from it. According to authors the covenant marriage is able to provide marginally stronger promises than common marriage. Furthermore, women will be more financially secure, because according to statistics women suffer more from divorce, especially in terms of finance. (Nocks et al. 1999) Actually, a covenant marriage gives couple more choices. The authors' point of view is that covenant marriages are more stable, longer in duration and significantly healthier. What is more important is that covenant marriages protects from being emotionally, verbally and physically abused. It is concluded that this type of marriage promotes more democracy in traditional patterns of family interactions. (Nocks et al. 1999) Despite the provided advantages it is difficult to agree that covenant marriages are better, because nowadays it is not socially accepted.

Monday, September 23, 2019

Emergency management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emergency management - Essay Example At its inception in 1968, NFIP provided insurance to citizens living near coastal areas. However, the government provided subsidies mainly to offset bills for poor families and reduce policy implicated economic effects. However, management of Katrina Hurricanes, Wilma, and Rita caused NFIP to run in debts. Consequently, the government placed a bill that significantly faced out flood insurance subsidies. It is important to note that discontinuing federal subsidies and increase in insurance rates would result into social and economic effects in the country. First, facing out the federal subsidies would significantly increase the cost of purchasing or managing an already built home. The inherent NFIP insurance premiums would additively increase property prices. Consequently, most citizens would not have the economic capacity to purchase homes either in low or high flood areas. Moreover, since high flood zones including Mississippi and Louisiana would incur higher NFIP insurance rates, economic value of home property would significantly remain higher. Consequently, most citizens from other US regions would not wish to relocate to such flood-prone areas. Essentially, such occurrence would fundamentally discourage social life of US citizens by denying integration of persons from low and high flood zone areas. Therefore, it is imperious for the federal government to avoid discontinuing flood insurance subsidies to help mitigate potential socio-economic

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Networks classification Essay Example for Free

Networks classification Essay In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software. Networking software applications are available to manage and monitor networks of all sizes, from the smallest home networks to the largest enterprise networks. Networks classification 1. Local Area Networks (LANs): These connect over a relatively small geographical are, typically connecting computers within a single office or building. In most cases they connect to a common electronic connection- commonly known as a network backbone. LANs can connect to other networks either directly or through a WAN or MAN. Most LANs connect workstations and personal computers. 2. Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs): These connect networks around a town or city. Short for Metropolitan Area Network, a data network designed for a town or city. In terms of geographic breadth, MANs are larger than local-area networks (LANs), but smaller than wide-area networks (WANs). An example of a Man is the Eastman (Edinburgh and Stirling MAN) network that connects universities and colleges. 3. Wide Area Networks (WANs) : These connect networks over a large geographical area, such as between different buildings, towns or even countries. 4. A campus area network (CAN) is a computer network made up of an interconnection of LANs within a limited geographical area. In the case of a university campus-based campus network, the network is likely to link a variety of campus buildings including, for example, academic colleges or departments, the university library, and student residence halls. 5. A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer and different information technological devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles. A PAN may include wired and wireless devices. The reach of a PAN typically extends to 10 meters Topology Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer or biological network. Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network, and may be depicted physically or logically. There are two basic categories of network topologies: 1. Physical topology refers to the placement of the networks various components, including device location and cable installation, 2. logical topology shows how data flows within a network, regardless of its physical design. The study of network topology recognizes eight basic topologies: †¢ Point-to-point = the simplest topology is a permanent link between two endpoints. †¢ Bus = A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end (See fig. 1). All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are connected to the linear cable. Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology †¢ Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus. †¢ Requires less cable length than a star topology. Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology †¢ Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable. †¢ Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable. †¢ Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down. †¢ Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building. †¢ Star = A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub, switch, or concentrator (See fig. 2). Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch, or concentrator before continuing to its destination. The hub, switch, or concentrator manages and controls all functions of the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow. This configuration is common with twisted pair cable; however, it can also be used with coaxial cable or fiber optic cable. Advantages of a Star Topology †¢ Easy to install and wire. †¢ No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. †¢ Easy to detect faults and to remove parts. Disadvantages of a Star Topology †¢ Requires more cable length than a linear topology. †¢ If the hub, switch, or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled. †¢ More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the hubs, etc. †¢ Ring = A network topology that is set up in a circular fashion in which data travels around the ring in one direction and each device on the right acts as a repeater to keep the signal strong as it travels. Each device incorporates a receiver for the incoming signal and a transmitter to send the data on to the next device in the ring. The network is dependent on the ability of the signal to travel around the ring. When a device sends data, it must travel through each device on the ring until it reaches its destination. Every node is a critical link. †¢ Mesh = The value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of subscribers, assuming that communicating groups of any two endpoints, up to and including all the endpoints Advantages of Mesh topology 1) Data can be transmitted from different devices simultaneously. This topology can withstand high traffic. 2) Even if one of the components fails there is always an alternative present. So data transfer doesn’t get affected. 3) Expansion and modification in topology can be done without disrupting other nodes. Disadvantages of Mesh topology 1) There are high chances of redundancy in many of the network connections. 2) Overall cost of this network is way too high as compared to other network topologies. 3) Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult. Even administration of the network is tough. †¢ Tree = A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable (See fig. 3). Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network, and enable schools to configure a network to meet their needs. Advantages of a Tree Topology †¢ Point-to-point wiring for individual segments. †¢ Supported by several hardware and software venders. Disadvantages of a Tree Topology †¢ Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used. †¢ If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down. †¢ More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies. †¢ Hybrid = Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example a tree network connected to a tree network is still a tree network topology. A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected. Two common examples for Hybrid network are: star, ring network and star bus network †¢ Daisy chain = Except for star-based networks, the easiest way to add more computers into a network is by daisy-chaining, or connecting each computer in series to the next. If a message is intended for a computer partway down the line, each system bounces it along in sequence until it reaches the destinati on. A daisy-chained network can take two basic forms: linear and ring. o The straight-through cables are used when connecting Data Terminating Equipment (DTE) to Data Communications Equipment (DCE), such as computers and routers to modems (gateways) or hubs (Ethernet Switches). The cross-over cables are used when connecting DTE to DTE, or DCE to DCE equipment; such as computer to computer, computer to router; or gateway to hub connections. The DTE equipment terminates the signal, while DCE equipment do not. †¢ RJ stands for Registered Jacks. These are used in telephone and data jack wiring registered with FCC. RJ-11 is a 6-position, 4-conductor jack used in telephone wiring, and RJ-45 is a 8-position, 8-conductor jack used in 10BaseT and 100BaseT Ethernet wiring. †¢ UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair. It is the cabling system with one or more pairs of twisted insulated copper wires contained in a single sheath. It is the most widely used cabling system in telecommunications and data communications environment today.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Physics of football Essay Example for Free

Physics of football Essay Every Sunday afternoon in the fall, all across America, televisions, radios, and Internet broadcasts are tuned to the big football games. The sport of football has grown in popularity since the day it was invented, but not all of the views are good. The sport of football is viewed by many as a cruel and primitive sport, however every aspect within the sport of football is based in the field of physics. To begin to understand the complexity that is the game of football one can start by looking at how the punter needs to know the laws of physics to kick far. A punter’s job is to execute a drop kick (holding the football out and dropping it, then kicking the ball in midair) so as to give the other team the worst field position possible. This goal is only achievable with a kick that propels the football very far both horizontally and vertically. The punter is in charge of three things at the time of the kick: the velocity, the angle of the kick, and the rotation on the ball. Velocity is the speed at which the ball is propelled from the punter’s foot. The angle at which the ball is kicked combined with the velocity determines the distance the ball will travel. A ball kicked at a steeper angle with high velocity will have more hang-time (amount of time the ball is in the air), but will not travel very far. However, a ball kicked at a shallow angle with a high velocity will travel far, but it will not have the hang-time that many players desire (a punt with a long hang-time allows the players to get to the punt returner easier). Lastly, the rotation a punter puts on a football greatly affects how far the punt will go. If the ball is punted end over end, it will have more air resistance, slowing it down resulting in a shorter punt. A spiraling punt breaks through the air decreasing air resistance allowing for a kick with more distance. These same aspects are the ones applied to a quarterback when throwing the football (except without the kicking). One of the more sought after positions, and my personal favorite to play, is the running back. The job of the running back is to receive the football from the quarterback, and then try to gain as many yards as possible before being brought down to the ground by a defensive player. The running back lines up usually about three to five yards behind the line of scrimmage. This space allows the running back to accelerate to his top speed before he meets the defense. For a back to be able to change direction as he is running, he must plant his foot into the ground and apply force in the opposite direction. To stop going in one direction, a running back uses two different forces, the first of which is the force of friction (how hard it is to slide one object over another), and the second is the force with which the back applies. When a running meets a defensive player, his momentum must be greater than the momentum of the defensive player’s in order to break the tackle. On the opposite side of the ball, the linebacker is the defensive equivalent to the running back. He also is stationed three to five yards from the line of scrimmage in order to have room to accelerate. For a tackle to be made, the momentum of a defensive player must be greater than or equal to that of the offensive ball carrier. Momentum is found by multiplying the weight of an athlete by the speed at which he is moving. If the momentums of the two athletes are the same, then both players will come to a stop and in the game of football if the ball stops moving forward, then the carrier has lost. In my own experience, coaches have always told me to tackle low. The reasoning behind this is that a man’s center of gravity is usually located at just above the naval, and hitting below this point causes the runner to rotate, taking his legs off of the ground. If a player is hit above this point the tackler will just roll off, and if a player is hit on this point, he will be forced in to the direction he his hit, but it may not bring him down. The sport of football is a highly scientific game, and not the savage sport that many people see it as. Every aspect of the game can be figured through various physical formulas.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Spanish Power in the Americas

Spanish Power in the Americas What were the principle features of Spanish power in the Americas? Can it properly be described as an empire? To answer this question, in this essay, the historical background of Spanish power in the America will first be introduced briefly. Then, the principle features of its power in Americas will be demonstrated. For the second part of the question, to answer this, the features of an empire will first be explicitly interpreted. Then, by comparing the features of Spanish power in Americas and features of a typical empire, we can tangibly describe that Spanish power in Americas was indeed an empire. An Overview Back to the medieval era of Iberia peninsula, when Ferdinand II of Aragon married the Queen of Castile, Isabella, the two Crowns became known as the Catholic Monarchs. Then, the alignment of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon emerged a political authoritarian system, which then be known as the Spanish monarchy[1]. As the Crown of Castile funded the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Spanish monarchy took the leading into the Age of Exploration. With the followed Spanish colonization of the Americas, Spanish expanded its power all over the world step by step, and its prosperities of political and economic power emerged from 16th to 18th centuries during the Habsburgs dynasty of Spain. The so called empire was eventually controlled by the Spanish Crown and governed territories and in Europe, America, established colonies in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Over persisted for three centuries, the Spains Empire’s power was diminished by Napoleon’s conquest in 1808, and lost lots of colonies. After Spain defeated in the Spanish–American War in 1898, Spain gave up its power in the Caribbean and the Pacific areas, and lost its dominance in global affairs[2]. Principle Features The Spanish power in Americas did have its features, so did any other political power. Each of the power has its own features such as reasons of emerging, time of starting, group people who are driven, and range of influence. Taking Spanish power in Americas as an example, reason of it emerging was taking advantages of Age of Exploration, seeking overseas fortunes; time of starting was late of 15th centuries; group people who are driven were Spaniards and their allies, range of influence was staring from Americas, eventually impacted on global extent. These indeed were the features of Spanish power, which give us a most intuitively objective view of it. Based on these aspects of features, other political powers such as Roman Empire, British Empire as well as Portuguese Empire can also be introduced. However, these features could not more effectively to distinct them from one of other. It has a similar insufficiency that to describe Japanese as they have black eyes and yellow skin, bu t could not differentiate them from Chinese. At least, based on their differences in languages, which are Japanese and Mandarin, and their unlikeness of their culture, such as believe in Shintoism or Confucianism, these two groups of people can possibly be well distinguished. So do political powers such as Spanish empire. What on earth to differentiate Spanish power from the similar power, such as English power at the same era and venues, would actually be the principle features of it. Therefore, in order to answer the question that â€Å"what were the principle features of Spanish power in the Americas?† features of Spanish power in a deeper essence will be demonstrated in this section. 1. Collaboration The first principle feature of Spanish power is highly dependent on collaboration. The Spaniards like all other people in the history, they were eager to prove their distinction and prowess. With the bravery of taking the risks of ventures, they eventually possess the great fortune of the New World. However, what they have of their own, are purely perseverance. British historian Henry Kamen mentioned in his work, that the Spain was a poor country; its power was never based on its own resources or its own contribution[3]. Evidence of this comment can be found at the very start of Spanish power in Americas. Although in 1492, Castile was already competing with Portugal to discover the Far East through sea-lane, they could not constitute their own venture team. Only when a Genoese sailor, Christopher Columbus attempted to reach Cipangu by sailing west, the Catholic Monarchs finally found the ideal proxy. With negotiation and offered funds, Catholic Monarchs somehow expand their authoriti es nominally by commissioning Christopher Columbus as a Spanish viceroy and governor of the lands he already founded as well as those he could reach from then on[4]. Followed in the effective way of Columbus, the conquistador, the Spanish Monarchs applied military power in colonization of America. Although the Catholic Monarchs found the military forces were vital to maintain their advantages in Americas, the Castilians were more willing to let others defend and exploit the empire for them[5]. The, the most effective way that Spaniards came up was manoeuvring powers of nations that with hostility, the indigenous peoples who were rivals, and tribes that were competing with each other. In order to defeat their powerful enemies, some of the nations, indigenous people and tribes have to align with the Spanish, howbeit the Spanish was borrowed power from them. Through this way, Spaniards could circumspectly keep the power to conquer and rule the land they found. Besides borrowed the mili tary forces from others, Spaniards were never offering an innovation advantage such as agriculture or architecture technique from Europe to savage Americas. Kamen argued that the only reason why Spain could leap to an empire was because it receive capital, labours from all other associated people, â€Å"without the help of allies, the Spaniards would have had neither the soldiers nor the ships nor the money to achieve what they did.†[6] Their effort was foresight changes of technology, biology, and economy, and brought their colonies into these processes. Spaniards were the catalysts that enable others development. With sharing the mutual interests with Spaniards, the Spanish power had the association to become empire. 2. Catholicism Superiority During conflict between Catholics and Protestants emerged in Europe in 16th centuries, the devotional Spaniards saw the new-founded world was an ideal place to baptize more new Catholics. As they regard the Americas as a barbarian world, their Catholicism superiority endow them with a mission besides the exploiting, which was â€Å"reducing the savage people to Christianity and civility.†[7] More opinionatedly, the Spaniards judged whether people were uncivilized or not based on whether they have true faith to Christian God. However, as last, the Spanish believe the god do not abandoned the unconverted barbarian, they were passionate to be the missionaries. The intensity of Spaniards to convert indigenous people to Christianity is the way of Catholic Monarchs of their spiritual preoccupation. In this way, Spaniards would easier to maintain its imperial domination of their colonies. 3. Linguistic and Anthropological Integration Unlike other colonial power, although Spaniards discriminated people in the New World religiously, they were still willing to integrate with Americas locals in comprehensive ways such as language and intermarriages. No matter how Henry Kamen accentuated in his work that Spaniards were totally failed in language integration in Americas[8], the reality we could not ignore is, with the fact that the Spanish language is the official or national language of 19 countries in the Americas and totally at least 418 million native speakers in the Hemisphere, the Spanish language is indeed the second most widely spoken language in the world presently[9]. Doubtless, this is due to the intended linguistic integration in the era of Spanish Americas. The Spanish also reduced linguistic pluralism and aggregate the multiple tribal languages to Nahuarl in order to further introduce Spanish. â€Å"Language has always been the companion of empire† said be Antonio de Nebrjia when he first learnt th e Castilian in 1492[10]. Besides linguistic integration, one more efficient way to strengthen the integration from both linguistic and religious, mentioned in previous paragraph, is anthropological integration. The way of the integration was inter-ethnic marriage. In the year of 1503, the new governor Nicolas de Ovando received instruction from the Catholic Monarchs, â€Å"try to get some Christian men to marry Indian women, and Christian women to marry Indian men, so that they can communicate with each other, and the Indian can be indoctrinated in our Holy Catholic Faith.†[11] The method of indiscriminately blending races and culture inherent magnified the influence of Spanish empire domination, that in the present world, people in this hemisphere have lived in highly diversification. A Proper Empire To briefly answer the second part of question, which whether the Spanish power in Americas can properly be described as an empire, the answer should be certain. In order to well explain this conclusion, the typical empire with its essential features would firstly be introduced in this section. In the followed part, by drawing the comparison between Spanish powers to the typical empire, it would be more convincing that Spanish power in Americas was an empire. What is an empire? Maier in his work gave the proper description. In the classical sense, it is believed that firstly, the power has its desire to expand its domination by introducing conquest. Secondly, the power requests its territories maintain their political loyalty to their suzerain[12]. In the case of Spanish power in Americas, it is obviously that Spaniards had the desire to expand its territories and gain fortune from the land they newly discovered. Hence, the Catholic Monarchs would fund Christopher Columbus as their proxy threw themselves into the wave of age of exploration. Besides Columbus was funded by the Catholic Monarchs, more importantly, he was commissioned as official and governed the land, including rights to exploit, to settle, and the privilege to taxing. All of these were under the authority and sovereignty of the Crown of Castile. Moreover, the crown quickly cancelled its supporting of Columbus and suspend his privileges, then turned to apply more direct cont rol from the Crown over the territory. The way that the Catholic Monarchs enhancing its sovereignty was by changing the governors in the Americas frequently. After Columbus, Francisco de Bobadilla appointed as governor of the Indies with civil rights, however, he was soon replaced by Nicolà ¡s de Ovando in September 1501[13]. Hereby the Crown would tighten its control in the new territories. Hence the Spanish power enhanced its territories loyalty to their suzerain, represented by the Catholic Monarchs, which was the typical model of empire. With its blooming imperialism, more and more Spanish colonies were established on the land of Americas sequentially that New Granada was founded in the 1530s, Lima pointed as the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1535, Buenos Aires was established in 1536 and followed by Santiago in 1541[14]. Therefore, the Spanish empire that established starting on the hemisphere of Americas actually became the first one that been called â€Å"the empire on which the sun never sets†. Another aspect of a political power to become empire or imperialism which Maier demonstrated is, the empire power formulate an imperial economic system between the dominated empire and its territories, â€Å"economic development and commercial ties must ultimately spell the end of conquest and militarism†[15]. The Spanish power established the imperialism economy in Americas mainly through the sliver exploitation. As the medieval aristocrats in Spain prejudicially regarded manual work as dishonourable way to live, they had no interests to develop their economy and cumulate their fortune through the commerce of production of manufactures or the improvement of agriculture. What they fascinated in is exploiting the vast amount of silver mines from Americas. The excessive investment of labour and aspiration in importing silver eventually made Spanish lack of power to produce goods for living domestically, resulted as they were ultimately relying on foreign sources of raw materials and manufactured goods. Thus, in its imperialism economy, the colonizer snatched silver and gold from Americas, used part of it to trade necessary manufactured goods such as tea and silks from Arabic and later on China. By the end of 16th century, silver from the Americas took 20% of Spains total budget[16]. Even the worlds silver stock was boosted for two to three times because of the increasing amount of silver was unmined from the Americas. Official records of Spain indicate that more than three out of four of the silver was imported from the Americas to Spain and only less than a quarter of the silver was taken across the Pacific shipping to China[17]. This was how the imperialism economy established by Spanish to force the resources and labour serve the Spanish empire. Conclusion The principle features of Spanish power in Americas was collaborate with its allies, spread Catholicism faith through sermon, applied linguistic and anthropological integration by enhance inter-ethnic marriages. Spanish power in Americas was certainly empire force, as it expanded its domination by conquering territories across the hemisphere and strengthened the political loyalty of its territories to their suzerain, which was the Spanish Crown. Bibliography C.Maier (2006), `What is an Empire?’ in Among Empires. American Ascendency and its Predecessors, Harvard, pp.24-77. Conquest in the Americas at the Wayback Machine, October 28, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20091028035130/http:/encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575057_13/Spain.html (accessed on 1th May,2015) Diego-Fernà ¡ndez Sotelo, Rafael (1987). Las capitulaciones colombinas El Colegio de Michoacà ¡n A.C. pp.143–145 Farazmand, Ali (1994). Handbook of bureaucracy. M. Dekker. pp.12–13 Gonzalo Sebastià ¡n Paz (2012). China, United States and Hegemonic Challenge in Latin America: An Overview and Some Lessons from Previous Instances of Hegemonic Challenge in the Region. The China Quarterly, Vol.209, pp.18-34 H Kamen (2014), Spain: 1469-1714 A Society of Conflict. Chapter 1, pp.1. Pearson Education. H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, pp. 487-512. Penguin Press. J.Elliott, S.Newman and A.McFarlane (2010), Revolutions! US and Spanish American Independence Movements Compared, Eccles Centre, British Library J.H.Elliott (2006), Empires of the Atlantic World. Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830, ‘Confronting Native Peoples’, Yale, pp.66, Mann, Charles C. (2012). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. Random House Digital, Inc. pp.33–34 McAlister, Lyle N. (1984), Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700. pp.69 Parry, John Horace (1966). The Spanish Seaborne Empire . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp.202–203. P.Seed (2001), ‘Sustaining Political Identities: The Moral Boundary between Nations and Colonizers’, Ch.7 of American Pentimento. The Invention of Indians and the Pursuit of Riches, Minnesota, pp.113-134 Spanish Language Facts. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2010-11-06 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Spanish_language.aspx#1O29-SPANISH (accessed on 1th May) [1] H Kamen (2014), Spain: 1469-1714 A Society of Conflict. Pearson Education. Chapter 1, pp.1. [2] Gonzalo Sebastià ¡n Paz (2012). China, United States and Hegemonic Challenge in Latin America: An Overview and Some Lessons from Previous Instances of Hegemonic Challenge in the Region. The China Quarterly, Vol.209, pp.21 [3] H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, Penguin, pp. 488-489. [4] McAlister, Lyle N. (1984). Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700. U of Minnesota Press. p.69 [5] H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, Penguin, pp.490 [6] H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, Penguin, pp.489 [7] J.H.Elliott (2006), Empires of the Atlantic World. Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830, ‘Confronting Native Peoples’, Yale, pp.66 [8] H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, Penguin, pp.499 [9] Spanish Language Facts. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2010-11-06 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Spanish_language.aspx#1O29-SPANISH (accessed on 1th May) [10] C.Maier (2006), `What is an Empire?’ in Among Empires. American Ascendency and its Predecessors, Harvard, pp.31. [11] J.H.Elliott (2006), Empires of the Atlantic World. Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830, Yale, ‘Confronting Native Peoples’,pp.81 [12] C.Maier (2006), `What is an Empire?’ in Among Empires. American Ascendency and its Predecessors, Harvard, pp.24. [13] Diego-Fernà ¡ndez Sotelo, Rafael (1987). Las capitulaciones colombinas El Colegio de Michoacà ¡n A.C. pp.143–145 [14] Parry, John Horace (1966). The Spanish Seaborne Empire . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp.202–203. [15] C.Maier (2006), `What is an Empire?’ in Among Empires. American Ascendency and its Predecessors, Harvard, pp.48. [16] Conquest in the Americas at the Wayback Machine, October 28, 2009, https://web.archive.org/web/20091028035130/http:/encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575057_13/Spain.html (accessed on 1th May,2015) [17] Mann, Charles C. (2012). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. Random House Digital, Inc. pp.33–34

Thursday, September 19, 2019

I Am Ignorant :: Graduate Admissions Essays

I Am Ignorant, but Not Stupid Education: the path from cocky ignorance to miserable uncertainty (Mark Twain) Â   When I began my undergraduate studies, I only vaguely anticipated the number of books, the infinitude of ideas, the magnitude of creative urges that existed. Now that I have finally come to some awareness of what it means to be educated, I realize that I am not. Graduate study seems an opportunity to continue studying, but more profoundly, more independently, and with more direction than ever before. Â   I have loved studying at the University, and have tried to make the fullest uses of the rich resources here. But leaving the University, leaving the United States, to study abroad would expose me to such an entirely new range of people and possibilities. I want to continue in my education because I cannot imagine discontinuing it, and more, because I have a singularly exciting opportunity before me. As my peers are preparing job applications and buying business suits, I want nothing more than to spend another few years in Scotland, learning about its tremendous tradition of scholarship and endeavor, and hoping to contribute something to such a tradition. Â   The past few years have been enriching beyond all expectations. Specifically, the classes in music, modern literature, and narrative nonfiction writing. These are the fields I am most interested in. My college years have allowed me to focus on a few specific fields, not to mention regions, of interest. My school work this academic year has been particularly influential in my decision to continue on next year as a post-graduate. I have been researching and writing a major thesis about modern American narrative nonfiction for my program of study here at the University. The process has been thrilling, simply put. Working independently, under the supervision of carefully-chosen advisors, has been at times frustrating, but more often enlightening, revealing my strengths and weaknesses both. Â   I look forward to working on an advanced degree at the University of XXX because it will allow me to continue doing relatively independent work, in combination with more structured class work.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Male Circumcision is Unnecessary and Wrong Essay -- Argumentative Pers

Male Circumcision is Unnecessary and Wrong I am opposed to the circumcision of infants. Here are my reasons: The reason circumcision is performed at all is for historical and religious reasons, not for medical reasons. Circumcision is not medically necessary; the medical societies now consider it optional, and will in time recommend against it because of the risks involved. The health benefits claimed are always statistically minor and so do not warrant the practice. Additionally, any putative health benefits mostly relate to adult males; to circumcise a baby today for benefits that are hoped to accrue decades later is unwarranted, because advances in medicine that will occur during those decades may make such prevention unnecessary. Also, to circumcise in the hope of preventi...

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Greek Influence on Western Literature Essay

Slide One: The plays performed at the Festival of Dionysus represented a completely new performance genre: drama. Plays like Oedipus Rex, Medea, and Antigone laid the groundwork for the great plays to make up the western canon, from Shakespeare’s Hamlet to Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman. Slide Two: This era also saw the birth and development of a new literary genre: tragedy. In plays like Oedipus Rex, the basic tragic structure in which a character experiences a change from happiness to suffering was codified and refined. In the hands of writers like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, it became a vehicle for the exploration of some of humanity’s fundamental fears and questions about existence. You can see the same questions being explored in works by Shakespeare, for example, hundreds of years later. Today, more than 2,000 years later, these plays are still studied by modern tragic playwrights. Slide Three: Finally, the Athenian tragedies were important because they put humans at the center of the story. In the Iliad, for example, the gods are closely involved in the action — they take sides, they intervene on behalf of their heroes, and so on. While gods do appear in these plays, it is the very human protagonists such as Oedipus or Medea who take center stage, and whose actions determine the plot. This change signaled a shift in focus from the supernatural to the human in literature, which would have a profound influence on the Western tradition, particularly after the Middle Ages.

Monday, September 16, 2019

The Educational System Trying

Is the guarantee of safety of others a compelling reason in which to form and maintain policies that make all school aged athletes or anyone who is involved in school based extra curricular activities subject to a mandatory drug screening or does this become a violation of constitutional rights? Can it be said that those in a choir or band recital pose just as much threat as those in vigorous sports and if so what kind of dangers do these people emit?Just how far can schools go in their policies befire they become shut down indefinitely when it comes to making policies â€Å"For the greater good? † It all started in 1995 when an Oregon school won their case in which they chose to make all athletes be drug tested. In an outcry the students filed suit and in the end it was the school who prevailed. Since then more and more schools are adopting or have done so or at least trying to adopt that same policy, many have succeeded with little to no issue while others have acted as the Acton family did in the Oregon case.Schools claim that in having a drug testing policy for athletes that this will help allay future endangerments and promote a healthier stance not only with the athletes but with the other students as well. Furthermore, the Oreogn school won their case for only those who are involved in athletics, not those that are involved in other extra curricular activities such as band or choir. The case in Oregon made in to the Supreme Court contenind violations of the fourth and fourteenth constitutional amendments.The Fourth amendment protects us against unreasonable search and seizures and that we are protected within our homes as well as the schools in which we attend and any other facility. The word reasonable has come into play through the course of arguments when arguing that forcing drug testing with no reasonable grounds went against this. With each case being different, the definition of reasonable also expands.The captain of a football team may be using as well as distributing and in this would lie reasonable cause for drug testing but the argument, as of 2000-2002, from yet another group challenging a school’s policy, is why should drug testing be enforced upon students when there is no reason visible per that student or group of students? But the Fourteenth amendment has also been cited; no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law and in forcing students to submit to drug testing simply because there is a policy allegedly violates this as suddenly they have been deprived of due process.So once again, another group of students have stepped forward, some outraged at the fact of a drug policy being implemented, not only for those who are athletes or in extra curricular activities but for all students, regardless of any exhibits or lack thereof of drug use and regardless of any known or unknown associations with any person who is thought to be a user. Simply, the case of Earls v. B oard of Education of Tecumseh Public School District claimed a definitive violation against them stoutly claiming the fourth amendment.In favbor of the Earls case, the Drug Policy Alliance Network filed a brief regarding this case, also contesting mandatory drug screens for all students. It has been claimed that sports actually is haven for drug free children and thus a protection. According to experts from the â€Å"American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Education Association, the American Public Health Association, the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and several other prominent national organizations that thay all disagree with suspicionless drug testing of high school students engaged in extracurricular activities. † (http://www. drugpolicy.org/law/drugtesting/students/ 3rd paragraph). So with all of this, 10th Circuit held that the drug testing policy at issue violated students' Fourth Amendment rights but in 2002 the Supreme Court reversed that d ecision and upheld that school’s policy and then the ACLU took notice of this case and along with other similar cases, is challenging these violations of the violated constitutional rights. While the ACLU and circuit courts strike down the policies of schools with regards to their drug testing policies, the Supreme Court and the National Drug Control agency are for it and each side is pushing forward to be heard.Now the landmark of all of this is the fact that the 10th Circuit Court ruled against the Board of Education, the Supreme Court then came along and ruled back in favor of the Board of Education and in the same month the Supreme Court ruled against the Board of Education. A Supreme Court ruling against each other in the same month, unheard of. Justice Ginsburg in a subtle fashion held the school responsible more for their lack of proper concern and reasons in which to hold every child in punishment form for something that only some have done.He claimed this disregard a s if the tutelary responsibility was being taken a lot to far. To this day, this last decision has not been reversed. Any school intervention or other law enforcement intervention upon a student’s rights while at school must closely abide by the Vernonia, Oregon ruling of reasonableness. With these different factions going back and forth over what is quickly becoming an age old argument both sides have valid points but in the end it needs to be realized that drug testing students just because they can has proven to be of little to no use, not to mention a definite violation of legalities.Expert opinions of kids being driven away from sports due to this policy holds high validity. Where a child might be currently using, sports may also be the place that gets the child to stop using. In the end, regardless of testing, children will use and always have access to drugs should this be their decision and no school policy or court opinion will deter that. It hasn’t in hundred s of years and it isn’t about to start now. WORKS CITED BOARD OF ED. OF INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DIST. NO. 92 OF POTTAWATOMIE CTY. V. EARLS (01-332) 536 U. S.822 (2002) 242 F. 3d 1264, reversed. June 27, 2002 . http://www. law. cornell. edu/supct/html/01-332. ZD1. html NPR. Nina Totenburg. The Supreme Court and ‘Brown v. Board of Ed. Feb 6, 2009 http://www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=1537409 Drug Testing Students. Drug Policy Alliance Network. 2009. Http://www. drugpolicy. org/law/drugtesting/students/ Reasonline. com. The Supreme Court's ruling on school drug testing will hurt public schools more than the one on vouchers. July 1, 2002. http://www. reason. com/news/show/32704.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Diverse Nature of Psychology Essay

Psychology has a diverse nature. Diversity describes the diverse nature of the field not diversity in human race. The following paper will define two examples of sub-disciplines of psychology and two theories connected to the sub-disciplines, how these two examples connect with contemporary society other than psychology, relate sub-disciplines to a theoretical perspective, and my psychological contribution to society. Diversity within the field of psychology is strength and a challenge. There are four primary areas which are clinical, counseling, school, and industrial/organizational psychology. Sub-fields exist in these primary areas. Each sub-field has distinct unique theories to help encourage the growth in psychology. A psychologist that offers a broader view when considering theoretical approach in areas, the more understanding they offer their patients or clients. The simple truth is along with diversity comes help for everyone and every problem. According to (Park, N. , & Peterson, C. , 2009) â€Å"one of psychology’s strengths has been its willingness to embrace different purposes, perspectives, and approaches, and this recommendation is in the spirit of the field’s history†. Two sub-disciplines of focus are personality psychology and counseling psychology. Personality psychology is the study of individual’s personalities and what makes people who they are. â€Å"Within personality psychology, some propose that aspects of behavior and cognition can be explained with reference to personality traits. However, certain conceptual and logical issues cast doubt upon the adequacy of traits as coherent explanatory constructs† (Boag, 2011, pg. 223). Two personality theories are five factory theory and trait theory. According to the trait theory, personality is a production of numerous traits combined. Traits are personality characteristics that influence an individual’s behavior. â€Å"McCrae and Costa (1995) define traits as ‘‘dimensions of individual differences in tendencies to show consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and action’’ and which ‘‘transcend situational constraints’’† (Bog, 2011, pg. 230). Personality traits can simply be situation, which means that depending on what situation the individual is in can influence their personality. The five factor theory is based on five basic divisions of personality traits which are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness. McCrae especially favored this theory simply because it was universal. This theory could fit many individuals regardless of culture or up-bringing. The five factory theory is not only universal, but also has biological origins. The fact that personality psychology can alter depending on situational occurrences is important to remember. Counseling psychology is the sub-discipline where not all individuals go on to become clinical psychology but only counseling psychologists. Counseling psychology focuses on the welling being of individuals by counseling them to reach their full potential as human beings. Counseling psychology also differs from clinical psychology because counseling psychology works towards prevention of symptoms instead of only treatment. â€Å"As a specialty within professional psychology, counseling psychology has a long history of exploring its identity and core values as represented with terms such as scientist–practitioner, vocational/work/career, normal development, diversity, relationships, prevention, strength-based, holism, social justice, and collaborative multidisciplinary practice, and the diversity statement† (Nicholas & Stern, 2011, pg. 332). Two theories connected to clinical psychology are psychoanalytical theory by Sigmund Freud and psychosocial theory by Erik Erickson. Psychoanalytical theory has three main parts which are the id, the ego, and the super ego. â€Å"Psychoanalysis profoundly transformed many traditional perspectives, uncovered the unsuspected initial diversity and wealth of potentialities in human nature, and thereby indeed held out the promise of an infinitely freer and richer development and humanity—provided it could chart the evolution from the relatively unformed state of the infant to the mature adult condition† (Freud and Development, 1985, pg. ). According the Freud the id simply drives the individual’s basic instincts. The ego seeks out to please the desires of the id. The super ego seeks out perfection and is sometimes the mediator between the id and the ego. Psychosocial theory was formed by Erik Erickson and displays the developmental routine of an individual by highlighting seven basic stages. This theory focuses on early development and the influence later on in the individual’s life. Social environment plays a role in an individual’s growth, thoughts, and behaviors. Psychosocial well-being is an important area of attention in early childhood care and education because when psychosocial problems appear, they can often persist past childhood. Based on their working experience with many different children, teachers of young children are aware that they make important contributions to the healthy social and emotional development† (Berkhoult, Dolk, & Goorhuis-Brouwer, 2010, pg. 103). Personality psychology and counseling psychology are tremendous help to social and work life. Personality psychology can help an individual understand the influences on their personality from their up-bringing and social lives. Individuals can offer insight to fellow co workers at their jobs. Understanding personality can help in work environments by encouraging close and trustworthy relationships between employees. Since personality traits are situational, work and social environments will have influences over these traits. Freud’s psychoanalytical theory can help an individual understand their wants and desires in their social and work lives. Psychosocial theory can encourage healing and prevent symptoms from continuing to affect individuals in a negative manner. Psychosocial also explains the individual’s history and what experiences have made them behave in certain ways. The humanistic perspective focuses on individuals meeting their full potential as human beings. This perspective highlights the best image of the person and focuses on the good of a person. â€Å"Over the last few years, counselor training has focused more on formal diagnosis, but this increased focus has been questioned. In the end, the question seems less about whether formal diagnosis will be taught and more about how it will be taught. The author argues that diagnosis should be taught from a social constructionist rather than an objectivist perspective because of the former perspective’s humanistic focus† (McLaughlin, 2006, pg. 165). The humanistic perspective can help in personality psychology and the concepts by offering insight to seeking out the good in an individual’s personality and traits. Personality psychology also gives some insight to the image of an individual simply because personality makes an individual who they are. The humanistic perspective also influences counseling psychology by focusing on the ndividual, the good and the bad. Counseling psychology does not only focus on helping symptoms but also preventing symptoms. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory can connect with humanistic perspective by understanding the id, the ego, and the super ego as defining the individual. The ego is the basic make up of the individual and will influence who the individual becomes. Erik Erickson’s psychosocial theory connects to the humanistic perspective by realizing who the individual is in their social lives. Understanding who an individual is in their personal lives can help focus on the good of the person. My personal psychological contribution comes through my goal to obtain my Masters in Psychology and help individuals addicted to drugs. I form goals and make road maps to accomplish these specific goals. My psychology classes have helped my current relationships in my personal life. I am recently engaged to a man who has three young children experiencing a horrific custody battle between their parents. I am able to offer some comfort and understanding to my fiance on how to handle his children at times. I by no means intrude or impose my ideas on him, but simply offer ignore or take advice. The field of psychology is continuously changing along with the human race. Diversity within the field is an important factor in helping mental health of the human race. There are sub-disciplines and theories to help each and every individual. Personality psychology and counseling psychology link closely together to offer a deep understand of why an individual is who they are. Freud and Erickson formulated beautiful theories that see, understand, and encourage the individuals through their pasts and on to their futures in a positive manner.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Effects of News Media Essay

Throughout the years the use of the media has become such a huge part of life across the world. The media has taken over and had such a drastic effect on the American culture as a whole. Americans today look to the use of technology to learn information about any and everything. The old way of life is no more the digital age is rapidly evolving and growing, it is becoming such a huge part of the lives of all Americans and the information and news media plays a huge role in this evolution. When it comes to the role of information media, it is very useful for most Americans. Most Americans only watch television for entertainment purposes, therefor using the internet as a platform to release and provided information to the people is a positive thing. The use of information media definitely has a social responsibility because, just like any other form of media there are some boundaries that should not be crossed. I believe that the information media should be used for just that to inform the people and provide them with accurate reports and articles regarding the news. When individuals decide to create false news or report inaccurate stories it then becomes a debate of whether or not these individuals and or reporters have a responsibility to the people to be authentic in their work. It then becomes a matter of whether these information media platforms are socially responsible for what the public is being provided. The information media is used to connect the public to the world by displaying and reporting the happenings of the world, this should be done unbiasedly and all the information provided should be accurate and credible. So in a since the  information media has a few social responsibilities. The information and news media also can be very influential to the American culture. In the American culture people tend to look for clarity and verification from outside sources, this is where information and news media can be very influential to the opinion of people. When political parties are concerned we look to the news for information about these parties to give people clarity as to who may be the best candidate for the position. The news and information media plays such a huge role in the way that people form opinion of political parties. The role of the new is to inform the public about politics and provide background information about each party. What it is not meant to be used for is to be bias and put out information that could hurt the candidates. Although this is what should not be done it generally is done very often, political parties use information and news media to release information that could impact and influence the opinions of the people. The modern era of news and information media has transformed so many aspect of life. Electronic media and their convergence has transformed journalism and news consumption in such a drastic way. Due to the constant evolution of technology electronic media has become the way of doing everything. This has transformed the way of journalism and news consumption, because over the years consumers have gradually gravitated towards the internet for their information. The information provided on the internet is in much more detail then is it were to be written in a newspaper or broadcasted on a news channel. The way the internet is set up there is such a platform for reporters and journalist to include so many different elements into their writings or news reports that they would not be able to do if it weren’t for the internet. The way that the American culture is in this current time every aspect of life is somehow connected to the internet and the consumption of news and reports are no different. The way people consume the news on the internet is a completely different experience then it is watching the news. Some news channels even offer more in depth details about a story that way aired on television on their website. They also use the website to provide the citizens with news that did not make the airing of  the broadcast as well. When journalist and news reporters take advantage of the media they reach a broader audience because this is the age of the internet. The way we consume and take in news is constantly and rapidly changing with the growth of technology. References 2010. Media Culture: Mass Communication of the Digital Age

Friday, September 13, 2019

Black Footed Ferret

Black Footed Ferret Essay In the past three decades very few endangered species have been restored toviable populations. The black footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) was believed tobe the most endangered mammal in the united states. It is a small mink sizedcarnivore of the Great plains and intermountain basins The ferrets appear to beobligatory predators on the prairie dogs and once occupied a range essentiallyidentical to that of the prairie dogs. They prey on them and also use theirburrows for shelter and nesting. The prairie dogs are considered agriculturalpests and competitors with livestock since white settlement first began in theAmerican west. Large scale rodent control programs were implemented by the stateand federal governments. They drastically reduced the population of prairie dogs(and other species related to the prairie dog ecosystem) through trapping,gassing and poisoning. These poisoning programs were considered a major cause ofthe ferrets demise. But, the main cause was the loss of the ferrets preybase and appropriate habitat. Their remaining habitat was fragmented thusleaving the ferret population vulnerable to extinction from various causesincluding inability to find mates, inbreeding depression, environmental events,and disease of ferrets and their prey. The ferrets were believed to be extinctin 1974, but in 1981 a ferret was discovered in Meeteetsee, Wyoming when a ranchdog killed an unusual animal eating from its food dish and the rancher took thecarcass to a knowledgeable taxidermist. This was viewed as a rare chance torecover the species. In 1985, a catastrophic disease struck the small ferretpopulation, and most remaining animals were taken into captivity. Captivebreeding was initiated, and reintroduction into the wild from the captivepopulation began in 1991. The ferret is just one of more than 900 species listedunder the Endangered Species act as either threatened or endangered. Over threethousand more species wait on a list of candidates for such status, but in the1980s over thirty-four species went extinct while on the waiting list (Cohn,1993). Is the ferret program representative of the national effort to recoverspecies? Main body: United States policy on endangered species, including theferret and hundreds of other plants and animals, is codified in the 1973Endangered Species act (ESA ,as amended, U.S. Congress 1983, Bean 1991) . Thispiece of legislation sets a national goal the prevention of any furtherextinction and the restoration of species currently threatened with extinction. The ESA is a highly popular piece of legislature because no one would advocatethe killing of an entire species. But the simple goal of saving a species cloaksa complicated process. The ferret case is a good illustration of how the ESA isactually outfitted, how and state officials and others tackle the complex workof restoring species, and how problems come about in nearly all recovery plans. In short, the ferret rescue is a measure of how the ESA really works. Afterfinding the small population in Wyoming, in 1981, one might expect a well ledand smoothly coordinated recovery effort to have been quickly organized to savea species that had been recognized as Americas most endangered mammal. Manyuniversities, conservation organizations, state and federal agencies, and localpeople were willing to help. Collectively they command substantial resources,not only in terms of money: national and international expertise on populationgenetics and small population management, experienced field researchers, testedbreeding facilities, and support staffs from major zoos. All that was needed forthe ferrets to be restored swiftly, professionally, and efficiently was a meansto bring the talent together in a productive well organized program. Under theESA, the task of organizing recovery efforts is the responsibility of thefederal government acting through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and theU.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. Federal officials had numerous optionsopen to them at the start of the ferret program, one of which was to functionlike administrators of a large hospital, pulling together a world-classprofessional team, supporting the necessary work with adequate funding,equipment and facilities, and relying on the teams judgment to bring aboutthe patients recovery. But this model was not selected. The ferret programwas organized and operated very differently. Section 6 of the ESA requires thatstates be involved to the maximum extent practicable. Early in 1982,the federal government turned the main responsibility for ferret restorationover to the state of Wyoming. Almost immediately, problems began to emerge. READ: Prostitution EssayThrough a formal resolution, the American Society of mammologists (1986:786)urged the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Wyoming Fish and Game department,and other state wildlife departments, and numerous and numerous interestedconservation groups to make broader recovery efforts than those exhibitedby the current program. Miller, Reading, and Forest (Miller et al.1996:208)identify the FWS as the national agent responsible for maintaining professionalrestoration programs. It is our contention, they write, thatRegion 6, of the FWS, failed to make the ferret recovery a national program. Itmay have been easiest for Region 6 to acuiesence to Wyomings agenda in theshort term, but the strategy has probably impaired the recovery in the long run. People, or agencies, in a position to improve conservation should not simplythrow money at a problem, but invest in time and attention as well. TheWyoming Game and Fish department was interested in doing whatever was necessaryto insure that the ferrets be returned to the wild in Wyoming first, whether ornot Wyoming was the best place to introduce them. There could have been sites inother states which were better suited for ferret reintroduction, but thejealousy of the Wyoming Game and Fish department prevents them from consideringsuch an alternative. The Greater Yellowstone Coalition (1990) concluded thatstate-level concerns had taken precedence over national recovery issues. TheWilderness Society concluded that of the 495 species listed in 1988, only about16 (3.2 percent) are recovering. Another 18 listed species (3.6 percent) mayhave already been extinct. This is a record that fails to demonstrate the basicpromises of the act. The General Accounting Office (1992) added that of sixt eenspecies removed from the list, five were recovered, seven were extinct, and fourwere reclassified because of misinformation. Two federal audits of the ESAimplementation have been conducted. Reviews of the FWS endangered speciesprogram and found that the federal government did not maintain centralizedinformation needed to determine how well the overall program was operating. Required recovery plans have not been developed and approved for many species. In 16 recovery plans that were investigated in depth, nearly half of the taskslisted had not been undertaken even though the plans had been approved, onaverage, more than four years earlier. Fws officials attributed this to shortageof funds, the inspector general of the Interior department has lambastedhis federal colleagues at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, charging that theymay be sending species to extinction (Holden1990). Conclusion: Thedestruction of other life forms because of the actions of people is a problemwith profound biological, ecological, economic, and ethical dimensions. We mustassume that a healthy biosphere is in the common interest of humanity. Appreciation of the fundamental importance and far-sightedness of the EndangeredSpecies Act and other biodiversity protection policies has grown over the lasttwo decades, but that has neither prevented nor appreciably slowed theextinction crisis. Around the globe, the problem of extinction is extreme andgrowing, with perhaps scores of species disappearing everyday. The ESA ispotentially a powerful tool to better the extinction crisis, and in many wayshas served as a global model. But despite its value both substantively andsymbolically, there are problems with it, as both the biological and politicaltrends of the past years attest. Implementation has fallen short of promise. Protecting species under the ESA is a long , complex process. Once species arerecognized as deserving of protection and are listed, conservation programs mustbe designed, approved, and then implemented. Almost four thousand species in theUnited States now wait to be afforded the basic protections of the ESA; severalhundred, many of them plants may already be extinct. Beyond the listing process,there are innumerable steps, activities and processes that make up the ESAimplementation. The extinction problem in the U.S. and the world is apparentlygrowing faster than practical policy responses can be generated to stop it. Theblack footed ferret was a good example for showing how there are problems withthe conservation process and limitations of conventional approaches. The ferretrestoration program was fraught with problems, which has added to its notorietyin the public eye and the scientific and conservation communities. If we are toimprove the policy-making process for conserving biodiv ersity, we mustacknowledge the problem openly, honestly, and realistically. We must turn ourknowledge of saving species and take turn it into more effective, more efficientconservation gains. In other words, we must reconstruct the endangered speciesrecovery process. READ: History of Solar Energy EssayBibliographyAmerican Society of Mammologists. 1986. Recovery andrestoration of the black footed ferret. Journal of mammology 67:786. Bean,M.J.1983. The evolution of national wildlife law. Prager, New York. Cohn,J.P.1993. Defenders of biodiversity. Government executive national journal,April:18-22 General accounting office. 1988. Endangered species: Managementimprovements could enhance recovery programs. GAO/RCED 89-5. GPO, Washington. Holden, C.1990. Ecology hero in the interior department. Science 250:620-621. Miller, B.J., R. Reading, C. Conway, J.A. Jackson, M.A. Hutchins, N. Snyder, S. Forest, J. Frazier, and S. Derricson. 1994. Improving endangered speciesprograms: Avoiding organizational pitfalls, tapping the resources, and addingaccountability. Environmental Management 18:637-645. Reffault, W. 1991. Theendangered species lists: Chronicles of extinction? P.77-75. Island Press,Washington.

Skin allergy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Skin allergy - Research Paper Example Urticaria or hives is an itchy rash, due to hypersensitive reaction by the skin (Linscott, Emedicine). The condition may be acute or chronic and there are several variants to this condition. Itching can occur without any rash and may be due to some disease related to that part of the skin. Even some medications can cause itching. As far as atopic dermatitis is concerned, the cause is actually unknown. However, several researchers have attributed genetic and environmental mechanisms to the development of atopic dermatitis. Factors which contribute to the development of atopic dermatitis are infection, poor hygiene, extremes of climate, food antigens and aeroallergens (Kraffchik, Emedicine). Several chemicals sensitize the skin and cause allergic contact dermatitis. Some of the important chemicals are poison ivy, Nickel, rubber gloves, p-phenylenediamine, dyes, formaldehyde, wash and wear chemicals and preservatives (Hogan, Emedicine). In urticaria, the cause is unknown most of the times. However, ingections, foods, stress, drugs, exposure to certain temperatures and climates and exposure to latex can trigger the development of the condition (Linscott Emedicine). In atopic dermatitis, the pathophysiology is poorly understood. However, it has been thought that sensitization of IgE and epithelial barrier disturbance secondary to some kind of immune dysfunction is the cause for the allergic rashes. Another important defect attributed to this condition is defective epithelial cells contributing to defective barrier mechanism (Kraffchik, Emedicine). The main immune disturbance is imbalance in the T-lymphocytes with TH2 cells dominating the system and causing release of cytokines like granulocyte macrophage stimulating factor and interleukins 4,5, 12 and 13. All these amount to an increase in IgE levels and fall in interferon gamma levels. In those with chronic

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Communications Best Practices When Identifying Critical Infrastructur Research Paper

Communications Best Practices When Identifying Critical Infrastructures - Research Paper Example Public service agencies communication airwaves have inherent device connectivity challenges that must be overcome by an installation of a communication system that is capable of averting the challenges. The best connectivity infrastructure must be flanked by the general outline of the systems used in a region. Interference of communication lines by the relevant public safety agencies must be reduced to negligible levels, to facilitate an around the clock service delivery and at an emergency handling capacity. Wireless communication spectrum in use by the communication system in lace must demonstrate a capacity to handle the various safety surveillance systems without running out of reach. Wireless bands in use by various public safety services officials must create an internetworking capacity that is handled by the principle of interoperability discussed below. Using the CARVER matrix in the infrastructure level of safety assurance, it is possible for emergency handling systems to avert various deficiencies. The acronym represents six vital features that must be in place to contain disaster risks. Criticality, Accessibility, Recuperability, Vulnerability, Effect and Recognizability are used in various applications for systems analysis for the relevant application in question. In public security service agencies, the matrix is used to calculate the level of risk exposure to various dangers that face the system such as public buildings and other infrastructure. Corresponding application of the matrix values allows the assessment to formulate response options using the infrastructure’s capacity to handle the identified risks. Using the values, the infrastructure in question can be evaluated and weaknesses obtained thereon used to design and implement the appropriate response capacity that is missing. Interoperability in safety communica tion systems is a conglomeration of the best disaster response program, by facilitation of the appropriate connectivity to allow efficiency in managing disasters.  

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Imax case study for Strategic Management course Essay

Imax case study for Strategic Management course - Essay Example and Strength-Weaknesses-Opportunity-Threat models, this study will analyze the environmental factors that could affect IMAX’s performance in domestic and foreign markets. Using a crystal clear image which is almost ten times bigger than what a traditional 35mm movie theatre can offer, IMAX is known for its ability to offer exciting film formal around the world. With IMAX’s 3D screen using state-of-the-art 3 dimensional glasses combine with its 15,000 watt digital surround sound system, IMAX was easily able to capture the market. As a sign of success, IMAX was able to generate a total of $59.12 million revenue from IMAX system sales of which $36.57 came from films and $16.58 million from theatre operations (p. 3). Despite the success of IMAX in terms of capturing a larger part of its target audiences by introducing the state-of-the-art technology in the U.S. market, the company had to face business challenges because of its past growth strategy. With the purpose of capturing a wider scope of audiences, expanding the business by entering in alliances with commercial movie theatre owners like AMC, Cinemark, and Regal was not a good idea. Although IMAX was able to install the IMAX system in the multiplexes of AMC, Cinemark, and Regal was cheaper as compared to the case when IMAX would invest on building their own cinemas, the crisis that hit the theatre industry back in the late 1990s made the growth strategy of IMAX a failure (p. 6). As a result of financial difficulty on the part of the theatre owners, many were left out with no choice but to file bankruptcy. This left IMAX with a long list of financial debts. To enable IMAX to success in the global theatre industry, the company had to make a clear judgement and careful decision on how IMAX will be able to compete with its rivals without having the need to experience the same business failure that took place back in the 1990s. Upon analyzing the IMAX’s general and industry environment specifically by

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Employee Relations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Employee Relations - Research Paper Example It is recommended to consider the employees as valuable assets and make them spend time on telecommuting. A flexible work schedule can also be introduced in the company to increase the morale of the employees (Time Inc, 2013). It was also viewed that the products produced in the company were low in quality because of which it was facing severe problems. Thus, it is considered that the company should establish certain goals related to quality in order to measure the manufacturing process of the organisation and the outcomes of the manufactured product. It is also recommended to focus on the initiative of improving the outcomes of the manufactured product that would help Philips to obtain recognition in its new plant of Manila. Besides, administrators functioning at the new plant should ensure that they provide their expertise of guiding and consulting the workers in their respective departments to make certain that the workers achieve their targets and the quality and the overall perf ormance of the workers are improved. In addition, it is very important to classify the potential opportunities for improving the quality of products by constantly monitoring the work performance and ensuring that the standard and quality of the goods produced meet the expectation of the customers along with providing them optimum satisfaction. It is also very essential for the administrators to design a system that is very efficient as per the work requirements so as to implement initiative for improvement which would directly.

Monday, September 9, 2019

Investment & Private Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Investment & Private Banking - Essay Example In this era, corporate issuers search for any form of low-cost funds and then use the derivatives market to alter those claims in a risk profile that cater the financing needs of the corporation (Bethel & Ferrell, 2006). The increased use of derivatives has given sophisticated institutional investors a way to attain risk exposures that they desire and the ability to manage their existing risk exposures in a dynamically cost-effective way. Derivatives are increasingly becoming more and more accepted in the financial markets with competitive prices and margins. But the margins earned by the institutions are declining and thus they have began to engineer more complex securities known as structured products. As the derivatives became more advanced, corporate as well as private investors wanted to protect their downside as well as upside participation in the bear market and bull market respectively. This paved the way for a new kind of derivatives called the structured investment products or structured finance products (Bethel & Ferrell, 2006). Structured products have no exact definition in the business or in the regulatory framework. Definition used by SEC, NASD and NYSE for structured products is that it is an instrument or security that is derived from another security, index, commodity or basket of commodities (Bethel & Ferrell, 2006). This is a broad definition that includes a wide range of products such as equity linked, collateralized debt obligations, credit-default swaps, commodity-linked debt and reverse convertibles. For this reason, according to Hens & Reiger (2009) structured products are also called equity linked or index linked notes that combine one or more assets such as stocks or bonds with a derivative providing a bundle that have specific characteristics for different investors like participation and protection of capital.

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Understanding ecohydrological processes for sustainable floodplain Term Paper

Understanding ecohydrological processes for sustainable floodplain management - Term Paper Example The important worry is about the water scarcity in the atmosphere of ever growing population. The fundamental aspect is water is necessary for every vital biological activity and food production also gets affected in the context of water scarcity. According to Tolba, Mostafa (2004) mankind needs three times the present amount of water used for irrigation, to produce the food necessary for feeding additional population in the next 50 years. Hence, in the first step to get additional water for food production for the future, the additional water resources should be explored.In the next step, the additional water resources explored should be protected by allowing certain ecological processes that maintain water content on the planet. The fundamental aspect in the above suggestion is about the protection of ecohydrology that needs global dialogue on water for food and environment. To make ecohydrological processes sustain in future, the protection of ecological systems, hydrology and wat er management should be done on global scale, so that every country in different geographical area can share the endeavors of ecological protection. As water is blood stream of biosphere and global industrial development is destroying that blood steam, the protection of ecohydrology without disturbing the industrial development should be discussed. In the context of point of no return, the concept of sacrificing the industrial development for the sake of ecohydrological systems can be explored. However, as the industrial development is also crucial for economic development of mankind the utilization of comforts and the affect of that on the ecological systems can be explored for finalizing the steps need to be taken for the protection of environment. 1 Objectives The objective of this paper is to explore the concepts and aspects that help in preserving the bio diversity thus resulting in restoration of water resources. The extent of presence of greenery indicates the assimilation of CO2. Hence, the presence of vegetation decides the content of CO2 present in atmosphere that helps in global warming resulting in decrease of water resources. So, the main objective is to plan forestation in different parts of the world that can neutralize the global warming to protect or restore water resources. In addition to that the thermodynamic relationship maintenance should be an important objective to neutralize effect of industrialization on water resources. The water resources can be replenished or restored when the liquid and vapor phases reach saturation conditions at regular intervals and sustain up to substantial periods. The change of atmospheric state at the saturated surface should occur periodically every year and those regular intervals is nece ssary for protecting water resources required for mankind as well as industrial development. However, to attain the above point of saturation at maximum number of places on the plane, the extent of usage of water and natural resources at each geographical point in the planet is necessary to restore the necessary vegetation that results in vapor liquid saturation that helps in maintaining and protecting water resources. Another important aspect in restoring water resources used up due to industrial development is protecting and increasing under ground water resources that grow due to percolation of water into the soil. The percolation component decides the capillary rise or fall in water table at a particular point. Hence, the surfaces that allow percolation of water into the soil should not be decreased thus maintaining the capillary rise in water table a constant process. 2 Another objective in this paper is to explore the methods and knowledge of preserving food plain